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Understanding CTs in Africa: A basic typology
Middle-income and low-income CTs
South African grant example
CT Objectives
Examples of specific objectives
Program duration and focus: Trends in CTs in Sub-Saharan Africa
Program duration and focus by income status
Targeting beneficiaries
Groups targeted
Program beneficiaries
Transfer recipient
Targeting methodology
Leapfrogging
Conditions
To condition or not to condition
Prevalence of CCTs
CCTs and country income status
Conditions used in Africa’s CCTs
Africa’s unique use of conditions
CCT and UCT by country and program
Program scale and cost
Prevalence of CTs in Sub-Saharan Africa (in 2000, 2010, 2012)
Coverage by program
Average number of beneficiaries per program
Costs of African CT programs
Annual costs of CT programs
Annual costs table
Total costs table
Donor funding for CTs
Funding of CTs and country income status
Specific funders of CTs (as of 2010)
Coverage and costs compared to CTs in other regions
Administrative costs and program coverage
Studies related to CT cost (PDFs)
Benefit Levels
Determining benefit levels
Transfers and trade-offs
Size of cash transfers
Transfer size table
Transfer frequency
Benefits transferred in addition to cash
Duration of benefits: graduation
Logistics of CT Implementation
Cash distribution systems
Technology and cash transfers
Building Constituencies
Communication
Domestic fiscal space for CTs
Long-term donor support
Potential roles for donors
Donor coordination and harmonization
Politicization
Monitoring CT programs
Monitoring (general monitoring)
Other vital monitoring activities
Monitoring in CCTs
Monitoring of conditions table
Monitoring and links to other programs (referrals)
Evaluating CTs’ impacts
Types of program evaluations
Interpreting results from evaluations
Impact evaluations in Africa
Types of evaluations used
Results from evaluations of Africa’s CT
Update on impact evaluations of CT programs
Results from Malawi’s Zomba CT evaluation
Planned impact evaluations
Knowledge gaps
Coordinating CTs
In which institutions are CTs based?
How well established are African CTs?
Can African institutions handle the demands of their CTs?
Can other involved groups adequately support African CTs?
How are CTs coordinated?
CTs and early childhood development
Early childhood development
What is early childhood development?
Why focus on early childhood development?
Early childhood development interventions
Rationale for early childhood interventions
Features of early childhood development interventions
How effective are early childhood interventions in low- and middle-income countries?
Can CTs improve early childhood development?
Direct impact
Indirect impact
Complementary role
CTs and early childhood development: Experience and evidence
Features of early childhood-focused CTs
Coverage
CTs and ECD outcomes
Knowledge gaps
Programming gaps
For further reference
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Program scale and cost
Annual costs of CT programs
Notes:
Sample size is 33. Analysis is limited to those programs for which specific annual cost data were available at the writing of
The Cash Dividend
.